Initial efforts to control the outbreak in Guinea were considered to be succeeding 4, but in early 2014 the virus crossed international borders into neighbouring Liberia (first cases diagnosed in late March) and Sierra Leone (first documented case in late February 5, 6, first diagnosed cases in May 7). The epidemic is thought to have begun in December 2013 in Guinea, but was not detected and reported until March 2014 3. These insights will help inform interventions in future epidemics.Īt least 28,646 cases and 11,323 deaths 1 have been attributed to the Makona variant of Ebola virus (EBOV) 2 in the two and a half years it circulated in West Africa. Finally, we reveal this large epidemic to be a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing they were susceptible to significant outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already set the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective in curbing the epidemic. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic ‘gravity’ model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Analysing 1610 Ebola virus genomes, representing over 5% of known cases, we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region. The 2013–2016 epidemic of Ebola virus disease was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Suchard, 56, 57, 58 Philippe Lemey, 5, * and Andrew Rambaut 1, 59, 60, * Sabeti, 7, 22 Amadou Sall, 20 Ute Ströher, 38, † Isatta Wurie, 21 Marc A. Nichol, 38, † Tolbert Nyenswah, 43 Gustavo Palacios, 8 Oliver G. Loman, 30 N’Faly Magassouba, 55 Dhamari Naidoo, 45 Stuart T. Holmes, 51 Brima Kargbo, 24 Sakoba Keïta, 52 Paul Kellam, 13, 53 Marion P. Garry, 48 Ian Goodfellow, 9, 27 Stephan Günther, 17, 12 Christian T. Carroll, 18, 12, 42, 26 Bernice Dahn, 43 Boubacar Diallo, 44 Pierre Formenty, 45 Christophe Fraser, 46 George F. Winnicki, 7, 22 Shirlee Wohl, 7, 22 Roman Wölfel, 37, 12 Nathan L. Watson, 13 Kendra West, 7 Shannon Whitmer, 38, † Michael R. Smits, 14 Kilian Stoecker, 37, 12 Lucy Thorne, 9 Ekaete Alice Tobin, 11, 12 Mohamed A. Sealfon, 33, 7, 34 Etienne Simon-Loriere, 35, 36 Saskia L. Reusken, 14 Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart, 8, 31 Stephen F. Pas, 14 My VT Phan, 13, 14 Georgios Pollakis, 25 Chantal B. Meredith, 9, 27 James Qu, 7 Joshua Quick, 30 Suzan D. Kugelman, 8 Di Liu, 28 Jia Lu, 9 Christine M. Hiscox, 25, 26 Umaru Jah, 27 Brima Kargbo, 24 Jeffrey R. Gevao, 21 Stephen Gire, 7, 22 Adrianne Gladden-Young, 7 Andreas Gnirke, 7 Augustine Goba, 23, 24 Donald S. Fakoli, III, 19 Ousmane Faye, 20 Merle L. Diclaro, II, 16 Sophie Duraffour, 17, 12 Michael J. Caddy, 9 Matthew Cotten, 13, 14 Jonathan D’Ambrozio, 8 Simon Dellicour, 5 Antonino Di Caro, 15, 12 JosephW. Ladner, 8 Armando Arias, 9, 10 Danny Asogun, 11, 12 Filip Bielejec, 5 Sarah L. Falk Schlesinger Institute for Medical-Halachic Research at Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem.Gytis Dudas, 1, 2, * Luiz Max Carvalho, 1 Trevor Bedford, 2 Andrew J. JSTOR ( October 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)įink has been part of the faculty or taught at the following yeshivot in the United States and Israel:įink is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Medical Ethics and Halacha published by the Dr.Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources.
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